This central component of a computer system is responsible for executing programs. Instead, the Linux kernel is monolithic, although it is also modular, for it can insert and remove loadable kernel modules at runtime. MINIX 3 is a notable example of microkernel design. Microkernels run most but not all of their services in user space, like user processes do, mainly for resilience and modularity. Monolithic kernels run entirely in a single address space with the CPU executing in supervisor mode, mainly for speed. There are different kernel architecture designs. When a process requests a service from the kernel, it must invoke a system call, usually through a wrapper function. The kernel's interface is a low-level abstraction layer. This separation prevents user data and kernel data from interfering with each other and causing instability and slowness, as well as preventing malfunctioning applications from affecting other applications or crashing the entire operating system.
In contrast, application programs like browsers, word processors, or audio or video players use a separate area of memory, user space. The kernel performs its tasks, such as running processes, managing hardware devices such as the hard disk, and handling interrupts, in this protected kernel space. The critical code of the kernel is usually loaded into a separate area of memory, which is protected from access by application software or other less critical parts of the operating system. It handles the rest of startup as well as memory, peripherals, and input/output (I/O) requests from software, translating them into data-processing instructions for the central processing unit. On most systems, the kernel is one of the first programs loaded on startup (after the bootloader). CPU & cache usage, file systems, and network sockets. I/O, memory, Cryptography) via device drivers, arbitrates conflicts between processes concerning such resources, and optimizes the utilization of common resources e.g.
A full kernel controls all hardware resources (e.g. It is the "portion of the operating system code that is always resident in memory", and facilitates interactions between hardware and software components. The kernel is a computer program at the core of a computer's operating system and has complete control over everything in the system. A kernel connects the application software to the hardware of a computer
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